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Western Mugwort 

Artemisia ludoviciana
Prairie sagewort, White sagewort, Estafiate

Artemisia douglasiana (Artemisia vulgaris var. californica)
California mugwort, Douglas mugwort, Ajenjo

Artemisia filifolia
Sand sagebrush, Sandhill sage, Romerillo

Compositae – Sunflower family

Description
Artemisia ludoviciana, like most others in the genus, is notorious for its variable foliage. Spring growth looks decidedly different from summer growth. If only looking at leaf characteristics, the plant growing in low-elevation deserts appears differently from its north-country kin. The leaves are entire, occasionally lobed or serrated, and alternate along the stem. New foliage can be bluish green or silver-gray in hue. The plant is highly successful at reproduction, using both seed andrhizome/stem clones to propagate itself. Individually, A. ludoviciana’s flowers are inconspicuous, but in numbers, they form noticeable terminal spikes inter-mixed with small leaves. When flowering, the plant is upright, reaching for the sun, though it is not uncommon for flowering branches to droop in response to stem weakness or weighty flower spikes. This plant, as are other Artemisias, is very fragrant; when the leaves are crushed, they put forth a characteristic Sage-like smell. One of Howie Brounstein’s abilities, as an herbalist in Eugene, Oregon, is his skill in making sense out of the morass of taxonomic darkness that A. ludoviciana and all of its sub-species tend to inhabit. 

Like Artemisia ludoviciana, A. douglasiana roots from stem nodes so it too is found in bunched colonies. This perennial is usually several feet in height, but if conditions are optimal, it can occasion 6-7 feet. The leaves are variable but tend to be entire towards the top of the plant; lower along the stem they are toothed, cleft, or lobed. Above, the leaves are dark green, below, they are silvery due to a dense coating of leaf hairs. The small, whitish, cream-colored flowers are clustered in small spikelets, originating from the leaf axils on the upper stem ends.

Artemisia filifolia is a perennial sub-shrub, 3 feet tall by the same wide. The aromatic leaves are pubescent and are light gray, bluish-green. On the upper stems, the leaves are entire and thread-like. The lower leaves are also very thin and narrow, but are usually longer and cleft. They alternate along brownish-grey stems. The small inconspicuous flowers form in clusters on the upper stems. Like most Artemisias of the west, A. filifolia is a late summer to fall bloomer.

Distribution
From Wisconsin and Illinois Artemisia ludoviciana ranges south and west to the east side of the Cascade Range. Truly a ubiquitous western plant, A. ludoviciana is found in many microclimates and bioregions. This highly adaptable plant can be found anywhere between the Mixed Conifer-Pine Belts to lower desert washes and foothills.

Artemisia douglasiana is found through most of California, Oregon ,and eastern Washington. It ranges east to the Rocky Mountains. Look to rocky hillsides, mountain drainages, and streamsides. A. filifolia has a wide distribution throughout the interior west. From Nebraska and Wyoming, the plant is abundant on well-drained sandy soils and rangelands. From this area, the plant is also found south to Colorado, Nevada, western Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. 

Chemistry
For Artemisia ludoviciana: sesquiterpenes: achillin, anthemidin, artedouglasia oxide, douglanine, ludovicin, tanaparthin-α-peroxide, and tanapartholide b; monoterpenes: borneol, camphor, chrysanthemol, transchrysanthenol, and α-pinene; flavonoids: butein, isoliquiritigenin, isorhamnetin, and quercetin; coumarins: lacarol and scopoletin

Medicinal Uses
Artemisias of the west are some of the most multi-faceted herbal medicines we can employ. The plants described here differ from Sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) mainly in their lack of thujone and related aromatics. Some secondary differences will become evident as you read further.

Firstly, Western mugwort is a medicine for the gastrointestinal tract. All three Artemisias tend to be mild to moderate gastric stimulants, Artemisia ludoviciana being the most energetic. Each plant’s gastric stimulation can largely be determined by its bitterness. The more bitter the plant, the more stimulation it will provide. Underlying Western mugwort's bitter tonic activity is its seemingly paradoxical cytoprotective effect on gastric and intestinal tissue. Western mugwort, particularly Artemisia filifolia and A. douglasiana have the ability of stabilizing cellular membranes and ultimately protecting gastrointestinal tissues from an array of inflammatory conditions. These plants have been shown to provide cyclooxygenase inhibition, increased glycoprotein (mucus) synthesis, granulocyte degranulation inhibition, as well as transcription factor NF-κB inhibition. All of these activities protect gastrointestinal tract mucosa from the body’s own inflammatory responses. Use Western mugwort as a daily tea for ulcerative colitis, gastritis, or other inflammatory conditions affecting the area.

Western mugwort has a number of effects on the liver. Overtly it is choleretic, increasing bile synthesis and release. If prone to gall stone formation Western mugwort will thin bile enough to diminish precipitants. Deeper, these plants have a cooling, antioxidant effect on hepatocyte function. These liver centered effects tend to reduce elevated liver enzyme levels – all stress markers evident in viral and general hepatitis. In addition, the plant inhibits glutathione depletion within hepatocytes. Western mugwort’s hepatoprotective effect can also be of benefit to individuals who consume excess alcohol, rancid oils, and processed foods with their array of artificial ingredients. Use Western mugwort to buffer these nefarious effects on the liver, although making better dietary choices is paramount in liver health. Several ounces of the cool tea taken before bed is one of the best approaches if prone to, upon waking the next morning, frontal headaches, red-irritated eyes, bad breath, and general liver congestion.

Topically, Western mugwort is mildly antibacterial and antifungal. It is effective against a wide array of microorganisms; it does not provide a strong effect, but it is broad. Artemisia ludoviciana is distinctly inhibiting to HSV (herpes simplex virus), type I and II. For cold sore treatment, the oil or salve in combination with Creosote bush iseffective. With clients, I have observed genital herpes outbreaks diminish under internal use of the plant. Added benefit is achieved by topical application. Like its larger cousin, Sagebrush, Western mugwort is effective against a number of intestinal parasites. Drink several cups of tea daily for treatment of traveler’s diarrhea, pinworm infections and other infestations effecting intestinal function. Do not underestimate Western mugwort, particularly A. ludoviciana in these situations. The plant contains a number of compounds that are broadly anthelmintic.

The tea drunk hot is a stimulating diaphoretic; drunken cold with no elevated temperature Western mugwort is diuretic. The plant tends also to stimulate menses, so is useful in delayed menstruation where the pelvic area feels cold and rigid.

Indications
Dyspepsia/gastritis
Intestinal inflammation
Liver inflammation, with no hepatic/biliary blockage
Bacterial/fungal infections (external)
HSV, type I and II (internal and external)
Intestinal parasites
Fever, low-moderate temperature
Amenorrhea, with pelvic rigidity

Collection
Depending on variety, Western mugwort’s foliage is collectable from spring through fall. Gather without the flowers as the pollen can occasionally trigger hayfever reactions in sensitive individuals. Dry well spaced.

Preparations and Dosage
Leaf infusion or cold infusion: 4-6 ounces 2-3 times daily
FPT/DPT (50% alc) 20-40 drops 3 times daily
Oil/salve/wash: as needed

Cautions
Do not use during pregnancy due to Western mugwort's dilating effect on uterine vasculature. Due to the plant’s cholagogue properties do not use with an active biliary stone blockage.

Other uses
Artemisia annua, principally used in TCM (Traditional Chinese Medicine) contains artemisinin, a compound used in conventional medicine as an antimalarial drug. Even whole herb preparations of A. annua have traditional use in intermittent fevers – one hallmark of malaria (Plasmodium falciparum) infection. Even though A. ludoviciana does not contain artemisinin, the plant has related compounds that have potential in resolving Plasmodium infections as well.

Copyright © 2006 by Charles W. Kane

This and additional profiles are found in Herbal Medicine of the American Southwest